Īs a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle, where he was frequently bullied, in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye (sensory exotropia). Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in Meudon, where she raised Sartre with help from her father Charles Schweitzer, a teacher of German who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age. When Sartre was two years old, his father died of an illness, which he most likely contracted in Indochina. Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism ( L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity ( mauvaise foi, literally, ' bad faith') and an " authentic" way of " being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness ( L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to do so. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre ( / ˈ s ɑːr t r ə/, US also / ˈ s ɑːr t/ French: 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre in Beijing, 1955
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